From 2026, Vietnam has a specific tax framework for transfers of crypto assets. Two dates are easy to confuse: Circular 32 took effect on 27 March 2026, while the new Personal Income Tax Law took effect on 1 July 2026. The often-quoted VND 30–50 million fine is also the rate for organizations, not individuals.
Within Circular 32’s scope, an individual’s crypto tax in Vietnam is 0.1% of the transfer price on each transaction. The regulation describes this as tax on crypto assets. In this article, Backcom.io explains the legal dates, calculations, withholding process, penalties under Decree 284, and questions still unresolved for traders based in Vietnam.
Crypto Tax In Vietnam: The 2025–2026 Legal Timeline
Crypto tax in Vietnam covers tax obligations arising from transfers and business involving crypto assets. Circular 32/2026/TT-BTC and Personal Income Tax Law 109/2025/QH15 are central to the framework, but their effective dates differ.
| Legal instrument | Issuing authority | Effective date | Main relevance |
|---|---|---|---|
| Resolution 05/2025/NQ-CP | Government | 9 September 2025 | Establishes a five-year market pilot. Article 4(9) applies securities tax policy until a specific policy exists. Article 7(2) ties enforcement to six months after the first license. |
| Law on Digital Technology Industry 71/2025/QH15 | National Assembly | 1 January 2026 | Articles 46–47 define digital and crypto assets; they do not set a transfer tax rate. |
| Circular 32/2026/TT-BTC | Ministry of Finance | 27 March 2026 | Article 3 excludes transfers and business from VAT; Articles 4–5 address corporate and personal income tax. |
| Circular 41/2026/TT-BTC | Ministry of Finance | 6 April 2026 | Sets out withholding, declaration, payment and tax certificates for the pilot market. |
| Personal Income Tax Law 109/2025/QH15 and Decree 253/2026/ND-CP | National Assembly and Government | 1 July 2026 | Income from digital asset transfers is subject to 0.1% tax on the transfer price. |
| Decree 284/2026/ND-CP | Government | 1 September 2026 | Provides administrative penalties for crypto asset and market violations. |
Checked against the legal texts on 14 October 2026. Pilot rules may change. Circular 32 has been effective since 27 March, but withholding requires a licensed service provider to operate. The Article 9(1) penalty in Decree 284 follows a separate trigger under Resolution 05.
The full text of Resolution 05/2025/NQ-CP (in Vietnamese) is on the Government’s legal document portal.
Vietnam Crypto Tax Rate: Individuals, Companies And VAT Under Circular 32
The Vietnam crypto tax rate depends on who transfers the asset. Circular 32/2026/TT-BTC has applied since 27 March 2026 within the pilot established by Resolution 05/2025/NQ-CP.
The main cases are:
- Individuals: Under Article 5, a person transferring crypto assets through a crypto asset service provider owes personal income tax of 0.1% of the price of each transfer. This applies to residents and nonresidents alike.
- Organizations established in Vietnam: Under Article 4(1), the usual corporate income tax rate is 20% of taxable income. Income equals sale proceeds less purchase price and related costs supported by invoices and documents. Article 10(2)–(3) of Corporate Income Tax Law 67/2025/QH15 provides 15% or 17% rates for companies meeting the respective conditions.
- Organizations established under foreign law: Under Article 4(3), transfers through a service provider attract corporate income tax of 0.1% of the revenue from each transfer.
- Value-added tax: Article 3 places crypto asset transfers and business outside the scope of VAT. That treatment does not automatically cover every related service.
Circular 32 sets no individual exemption threshold based on sale value or profit. A losing sale can therefore still give rise to tax on the transfer price.
From 1 July 2026, Personal Income Tax Law 109/2025/QH15 also includes income from digital asset transfers in taxable income. Decree 253/2026/ND-CP explains that digital assets include virtual assets and crypto assets. The rate is likewise 0.1% of the transfer price. Transactions outside a service provider are addressed separately below.
The Government Electronic Newspaper quotes Articles 4 and 5 of Circular 32/2026/TT-BTC (in Vietnamese).
How To Calculate Crypto Tax: A VND 100 Million Sale, Losses And Frequent Trading
How to calculate crypto tax for an individual under Article 5 of Circular 32 starts with the sale price of each transaction, even if the position loses money. The purchase price does not reduce this tax base.
For one sale, the formula is:
Personal income tax = Transfer price for that transaction × 0.1%
These examples assume a transfer through a licensed crypto asset service provider, a sale price determined in Vietnamese dong, and no service fees:
| Example | Transfer price | Tax at 0.1% | What the result means |
|---|---|---|---|
| One sale | VND 100,000,000 | VND 100,000 | VND 99,900,000 remains before service fees. |
| Buy for VND 120 million, sell for VND 100 million | VND 100,000,000 | VND 100,000 | A VND 20 million loss still leaves tax on the sale price. |
| Three sales of VND 30 million, VND 50 million and VND 20 million | VND 100,000,000 in total | VND 100,000 in total | Calculate each transaction’s tax, then add the amounts. |
| Start with VND 100 million and make 20 sales during a month | VND 2,000,000,000 in total | VND 2,000,000 | Total tax equals 2% of initial capital in this example. |
The 2% of capital figure is a result of this hypothetical trading pattern, not another statutory tax rate. If you trade frequently, estimate tax against your expected total sales value, not just your initial deposit.
A simple spot sale illustrates a transfer. The texts cited here do not yet give sufficiently specific separate tax instructions for futures contracts or exchanges of one crypto asset for another.
For a Vietnamese organization, the tax base is income. Suppose it sells for VND 1 billion, paid VND 800 million to buy, and has VND 10 million in documented related costs. Taxable income is VND 190 million; at the 20% rate in Article 4(1), corporate income tax is VND 38 million. This assumes the company does not qualify for the 15% or 17% rate.
How To Pay Crypto Tax: Withholding By The Service Provider
For transactions within the pilot market, how to pay crypto tax as an individual is handled through withholding. The service provider retains the tax and remits it. Under this mechanism, you do not separately pay tax for each completed sale.
Circular 41/2026/TT-BTC sets three relevant points in the process:
- When a transfer succeeds: The provider withholds tax when it confirms the transfer was successful, under Article 4(2).
- Each month: The provider declares the withheld tax. Under Article 4(3), the filing deadline is the 20th day of the following month.
- Each year: The provider issues an electronic withholding certificate to the taxpayer under Article 5(3).
Keep a record of each sale and the electronic withholding certificates so you can reconcile the amounts when needed. The full text of Circular 41/2026/TT-BTC (in Vietnamese) appears in the Official Gazette.
Has Any Service Provider Been Licensed Yet?
As at 14 October 2026, no official announcement of a licensed provider had been recorded. A CafeF report on 13 October relayed a State Securities Commission representative’s remarks on VTV: the regulator had initially selected five applicant organizations. Initial selection does not mean a license has been granted.
Resolution 05/2025/NQ-CP sets these conditions and limits:
- Capital: Article 8(2) requires at least VND 10 trillion in fully paid charter capital.
- Number of providers: Article 17 caps licenses at five organizations.
- Trading currency: Article 4(7) requires trading and settlement in Vietnamese dong.
Until a licensed provider is operating, the provider withholding process cannot work in practice.
Decree 284 Crypto Penalties And Tax On Trades Outside Licensed Providers
Decree 284 crypto penalties and the tax treatment of transactions outside licensed providers involve different questions. A tax obligation and the date when a particular penalty can be applied should be assessed separately.
Article 5 of Circular 32/2026/TT-BTC and Circular 41/2026/TT-BTC describe withholding through a service provider. They do not identify a withholding party for trades on foreign platforms or direct sales between individuals.
Personal Income Tax Law 109/2025/QH15 does not make transfer income taxable only when it passes through a service provider. For a resident individual, the law considers income arising both inside and outside Vietnam.
As at 14 October 2026, there was no specific guidance on determining price, declaring tax or paying it for these transactions. Traders should ask their managing tax authority about their circumstances.
On penalties, Decree 284/2026/ND-CP took effect on 1 September 2026. Article 4(2) says the Chapter II fine amounts apply to organizations; an individual committing the same violation faces half the amount:
| Conduct under Article 9 of Decree 284 | Organization | Individual |
|---|---|---|
| Article 9(1): A domestic investor trades crypto assets outside a service provider licensed by the Ministry of Finance. | VND 30–50 million | VND 15–25 million |
| Article 9(2): A domestic investor trades crypto assets offered only to foreign investors. | VND 70–100 million | VND 35–50 million |
The VND 30–50 million bracket under Article 9(1) is not the individual fine. Decree 284 points to Article 7(2) of Resolution 05/2025/NQ-CP: enforcement begins six months after the first service provider receives its license. The decree’s 1 September effective date does not start that six-month count. The period before enforcement begins should not be read as permanent permission to trade outside the licensed system.
See Decree 284/2026/ND-CP (in Vietnamese) in the Official Gazette.
Direct Sales, Stablecoins And Coin Swaps
Direct sales and swaps still lack sufficiently specific separate tax instructions in Circular 32, Circular 41 and the other rules discussed above. The three cases are:
- Direct sales between individuals: The texts do not specify how to determine the price and discharge the tax obligation outside provider withholding.
- Asset-for-asset swaps: There is no separate guidance for exchanging one crypto asset for another, including a stablecoin.
- Futures contracts: There is no separate guidance for applying the spot transfer calculation to these contracts.
Keep the relevant transaction records so you can describe the exact activity to the tax authority. Within the pilot, Article 4(7) of Resolution 05/2025/NQ-CP requires offers, issuance, trading and settlement in Vietnamese dong.
Airdrops, Staking And Rewards: Is The Tax Treatment Clear?
Airdrops, staking and rewards have no specific guidance on how to classify the amount received at the time of receipt under Circular 32, Circular 41, Personal Income Tax Law 109/2025/QH15 or Decree 253/2026/ND-CP.
Backcom.io does not assign a tax rate to a receipt when the cited rules do not address that case. You should retain:
- Receipt date: Record when the asset appeared in your wallet or account.
- Quantity: Record the number of asset units actually received.
- Wallet addresses: Keep sending and receiving addresses, where available.
- Transaction ID: Save the on-chain transaction identifier, where available.
- Reference value: Keep a verifiable price source for the time of receipt.
If you later sell an asset within Article 5 of Circular 32/2026/TT-BTC, that sale is a transfer. The uncertainty about the initial receipt should therefore be considered separately from the treatment of a later qualifying sale.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) About Crypto Tax In Vietnam
Do I Owe Crypto Tax If I Sell At A Loss?
Yes, if the individual sale falls within Article 5 of Circular 32/2026/TT-BTC. The 0.1% is calculated on the transfer price, without subtracting what you paid. If you bought for VND 120 million and sold for VND 100 million, the sale creates VND 100,000 in tax despite a VND 20 million loss. Keep the purchase and sale records even though the purchase price does not change this calculation.
Is Buying Crypto Assets Taxed Under Circular 32?
Article 5 places the personal income tax on a transfer, and it does not prescribe a separate transfer tax for the buyer. Do not apply the 0.1% calculation to your deposit or purchase price. A platform service fee is also a separate cost from personal income tax. If you later sell through a provider covered by Article 5, assess that sale as its own transaction.
Is There A Tax-Free Threshold For Crypto Asset Sales?
No exemption threshold is stated for digital asset transfers in Circular 32/2026/TT-BTC, Personal Income Tax Law 109/2025/QH15 or Decree 253/2026/ND-CP. Within Article 5 of Circular 32, the calculation still uses the price of each sale, including a small one. A trade’s size or lack of profit does not, by itself, remove that calculation under the stated rule.
When Did Decree 284 Take Effect?
Decree 284 took effect on 1 September 2026, while Resolution 05/2025/NQ-CP remained in effect. For Article 9(1), however, the enforcement trigger is six months after the first license, as provided in Article 7(2) of Resolution 05. Traders need to watch for the official license date; the decree’s effective date alone does not establish when that six-month period ends.
What Records Should I Keep For Tax Reconciliation?
Keep your trading history, sale prices and deposit and withdrawal statements. For transactions through a provider under Circular 41/2026/TT-BTC, retain the annual electronic withholding certificate. Where a receipt or transaction lacks detailed tax guidance, your records should show the asset’s source and when you received it. Those records help you explain the facts when asking your managing tax authority for guidance.
Conclusion
Crypto tax in Vietnam during the pilot turns on two practical points: Circular 32 sets 0.1% of each transfer price for qualifying individual sales, and its withholding mechanism runs through a service provider. The Article 9(1) sanction under Decree 284 is tied to six months after the first license, not simply to the decree’s effective date.
Traders based in Vietnam should follow Ministry of Finance licensing announcements and ask their tax authority about transactions lacking detailed instructions. Further background is available in trading knowledge and the terms and risk disclaimer.
Disclaimer: Backcom.io compiled this article from legal texts available as at 14 October 2026 for information only. It is not tax or legal advice. Pilot rules may change. Check the latest texts and ask your tax authority about your own circumstances.
